(Image credit: Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia (INAH)/Sergio Gmez . No accounts written by the Aztecs agree with Corts and his men, and Professor Felipe Fernndez-Armesto tells us why (follow the link below), This article was uploaded to the Mexicolore website on Aug 31st 2013, (Written/compiled by Julia Flood/Mexicolore). Amongst the later Toltec and Aztec cultures, however, he had to up his game to the level of priest and creator god sounds like hard work!Lets have a look at how Quetzalcoatl was represented during the Toltec and Aztec periods Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, the PriestThe Toltecs lived in the City of Tula (near Mexico City) in the early Postclassic period (900-1200AD). Cult worship may have involved the ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms (psilocybes), considered sacred. Later, Xavier and the Aztecs summon Quetzalcoatl in his mortal form and wind up angering him after cutting him open. Quetzalcatls defeat symbolized the downfall of the Classic theocracy. Round monuments occur particularly often in Huastec territory. Foil 251v of the Libro de los Ritos of D. Dur?n. As his body burned his heart rose to heaven, and after four days he became the planet Venus, the Morning Star. Well might they flee from me. Containing a round temple dedicated to the cult of Quetzalcoatl-Ehcatl, Cholula was considered a pilgrimage destination across Central Mexico. In Nhuatl, the word Xolotl was often associated with the concept of twins and physical deformity, so statues of the deity often portray a dog with twin heads, or ragged ears and running sores. What does he call my own flesh? [10] In his form as the morning star, Venus, he is also depicted as a harpy eagle. Codex Borgia, fol.19(Click on image to enlarge), Pic 10: Aztec stone sculpture of Xolotl, National Anthropology Museum, Mexico City (Wikipedia)(Click on image to enlarge), Pic 11: Quetzalcoatl-Ehcatl (upper-right). [7] Quetzalcoatl was one of several important gods in the Aztec pantheon, along with the gods Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli. Of the four, one was called the black and one the red Tezcatlipoca, and the fourth was Huitzilopochtli. Subtleties in, and an imperfect scholarly understanding of, high Nahuatl rhetorical style make the exact intent of these comments tricky to ascertain, but Restall argues that Moctezuma's politely offering his throne to Corts (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well have been meant as the exact opposite of what it was taken to mean: politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority. While it was being constructed Tezcatlipoca (who in other myths is a creatortrickster god but here is a Demonic force, or sorcerer) came to Quetzalcoatl one day and told him that toward Honduras, in a place called Tlapallan, a house was ready for him. [11] In Mazatec legends the astrologer deity Tlahuizcalpanteuctli, who is also represented by Venus, bears a close relationship with Quetzalcoatl. In his guise as Ehecatl-Quetzlcoatl, Lord of the Winds, he values the breath and air. (\"In The Gray\")\" - OkayAfrica (OkayPlayer)\"refreshingly cohesive take on creating a bridge between world beats and homegrown flavor that only a self-taught student of global music can build.\" - Urb He showed Quetzalcoatl his reflection in an obsidian mirror. Then Tezcatlipoca took the strong pulque he had brewed and gave some to Quetzalcoatl, who became drunk. Sahagn (Book III, chapter III) also made special mention of their devotion to him. The belief that he would return from the east in a One Reed year led the Aztec sovereign Montezuma II to regard the Spanish conqueror Hernn Corts and his comrades as divine envoys, because 1519, the year in which they landed on the Mexican Gulf coast, was a One Reed year. The 1981 has a listed mintage of 30,500,000, and the 1982 with a mintage of 20,000,000. Under the guise of wind, he was called Quetzalcoatl-Ehcatl and was considered a great cultural hero. [18][need quotation to verify]. Quetzalcoatl is not a religious symbol in the Latter-day Saint faith, and is not taught as such, nor is it in their doctrine that Quetzalcoatl is Jesus. This action will also remove this member from your connections and send a report to the site admin. Carrasco's work was revised in 2000, and the new edition provides a valuable overview of the controversy about Cortes and Quetzalcoatl. He gave people maize corn, their staff of life: it had previously been hidden away. He said: We will give him a drink to dull his reason, and we will show him his own face in a mirror, and surely he will be lost. Then Tezcatlipoca brewed an intoxicating drink, the pulque, and taking a mirror he wrapped it in a rabbit skin and went to Quetzalcoatls house. pictures of antonia lofaso and heavy d. Menu. Alternatively, too drunk to actually engage in sex, they were also too drunk to recall their actions: Tezcatlipoca told them they had sex and they believed him. [13] That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period (400 BC 600 AD) of Mesoamerican chronology; veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the Late Classic period (600900AD). Quetzalcoatl looked at himself in the mirror and was pleased with the artifice. However, this legend likely has a foundation in events that took place immediately prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. Over the West presides the White Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl, the god of light, justice, mercy and wind. (1), Toci - an aspect of the Great Mother Earth Goddess, Pic 1: Re-creation of mural at Cacaxtla. Stream Quetzalcoatl Offering by DJ Captain Planet on desktop and mobile. She instantly obeyed and, drinking some of the pulque, also became drunk. Codex Fjervary Mayer, fol.35(Click on image to enlarge), Pic 12: Quetzalcoatl (upper right). When those opposed to Quetzalcoatl did not succeed in their designs to rid themselves of his presence, they summoned Tezcatlipoca. Historians debate to what degree, or whether at all, these narratives about this legendary Toltec ruler describe historical events. Quetzalcoatl ground up those bones like corn, mixing the flour-like powder with his own blood to harvest a new crop of people. In the morning, they woke up together in bed. According to another version, he embarked upon a raft made of snakes and disappeared beyond the eastern horizon. He painted the rulers cheeks green and dyed his lips red. Tonalamatl), and displayed the portents of the 260 day lunar calendar known as the Tonalpoualli (Counting of the Days). Sign up free 0:00 0:00 Quetzalcoatl wears a cross-section (slice) of a conch shell as a pendant or chest ornament. There is another, better-known account in the Annals of Cuauhtitlan. Please allow a few minutes for this process to complete. Also known as the Feathered Serpent, Quetzalcoatl was the serpent god of the vegetation, otherwise known as an earth and water deity. A banging Bachata-infused club anthem \"Perdido en el Excesso\" further weaves a transcontinental thread with the help of Berlin-based rapper Paco Mendoza, while the crushing reggae vibes of the album's 7-inch single \"In The Gray\" brings the islands to the West Coast with the help of soul singer Brit Lauren backed by horns from supergroup The Lions (Ubiquity).Throughout the entire album, border-crossing collaborations on both vocal and instrumental tracks seamlessly translate the musical synergies between global dancefloor cultures. You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth. And when the wind rose, when the dust rumbled, and it crack and there was a great din, became it became dark and the wind blew in many directions, and it thundered; then it was said: "[Quetzalcoatl] is wrathful. This image from the sixteenth century Codex Borbonicus (pic 8, right) shows his conical hat made from the fur of an Ocelot. A Shakespearean sonnet v a Nahua song-poem No-one surpassed the Mixtecs in the applied arts, Short introduction to Mexica/Aztec religion, Do you know the names of all the Aztec gods?, What happened to the Aztec gods after the Conquest? Discovered using Shazam, the music discovery app. As the morning star, he was known by the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, meaning "lord of the star of the dawn". You may consider reciting a poem or singing a song about your friend, or playing some flute music. According to the Book of Mormon, the resurrected Jesus Christ descended from heaven and visited the people of the American continent, shortly after his resurrection. (Different versions feature different names. Xolotl, the Evening StarTlahuizcalpentecuhtli could only guard the sun as it crossed the daytime sky. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He was regarded as a creator god and a god of wind by such civilizations as the Maya and Aztecs. Because of this, he was closely associated with Tlaloc, the god of the rain. Please confirm you want to block this member. Your email address will not be published. Why did Quetzalcoatl have so many guises? The date 9 Wind is known to be associated with fertility, Venus and war among the Maya and frequently occurs in relation to Quetzalcoatl in other Mesoamerican cultures. Quetzalcoatl offering is a painting by Michael Carrizosa which was uploaded on July 16th, 2019. As the morning and evening star, Quetzalcatl was the symbol of death and resurrection. Franciscans such as Toribio de Benavente "Motolinia" saw elements of Christianity in the pre-Columbian religions and therefore believed that Mesoamerica had been evangelized before, possibly by Thomas the Apostle, who, according to legend, had "gone to preach beyond the Ganges". Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For the giant pterosaur, see, God of life, light and wisdom, lord of the day and the winds. (Many academics conclude this passage implies incest.) His names outside the Aztec cultural area include Kukulcn, Gucumatz and Votan. As their power waned, some Toltecs moved to the Yucatan where they exerted strong influence on Mayan culture. As the god of learning, of writing, and of books, Quetzalcatl was particularly venerated in the calmecac, religious colleges annexed to the temples, in which the future priests and the sons of the nobility were educated. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Unlike many other deities, Quetzalcoatl was consistently benevolent and caring toward people. Members of this confederacy from Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Oaxaca provided the Spaniards with the army that first reclaimed the city of Cholula from its pro-Aztec ruling faction, and ultimately defeated the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). The work was left to Quetzalcoatl and Huitzilopochtli. Tezcatlipoca produced what he called medicinethe elixir of life, an alchemical longevity, vitality potion. In the era following the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a number of records conflated Quetzalcoatl with Ce Acatl Topiltzin, a ruler of the mythico-historic city of Tollan. Montezuma offering incense to Quetzalcoatl. The significance of this combined name: quetzal (a beautiful feathered bird) and coatl (a serpent) revealed divinity. Album: Esperanto Slang [ALBUM]Track: 11 of 12Title: Quetzalcoatl OfferingArtist: Captain PlanetLabel: Bastard Jazz RecordingsCat#: BJLP06Formats: DigitalDigital Release: 6th October 2014Physical Release: 13th October 2014About This Release:Globe-trotting beatmaker Captain Planet returns to soundsystems worldwide with his hotly anticipated sophomore album Esperanto Slang, a transformative LP which further illuminates the \"Gumbo Funk\" producer's fluency in breaking boundaries between genres and bridging continents through rhythm. But the god of the night sky, Tezcatlipoca, expelled him from Tula by performing feats of black magic. Historian Matthew Restall concludes that: The legend of the returning lords, originated during the Spanish-Mexica war in Corts' reworking of Moctezuma's welcome speech, had by the 1550s merged with the Corts-as-Quetzalcoatl legend that the Franciscans had started spreading in the 1530s. You have troubled yourself much. They had a son, but there was no wife for him to marry, so the four gods made one out of the hair taken from the head of their divine mother, Zochiquetzal. Each age of the world was given a new sun, and the world was on its Fifth Sun, having been destroyed four times previously. Please note: Some he left in Cholula and others in Cempoal. Another Quetzalcoatl is a culture hero, a high priest of the city of Tula. Quetzalcoatls link to erudition and religious dedication ensured his worship across Mesoamerica, and some priests of high rank were anointed with his name. As the sun, Quetzalcoatl made the earth flourish, but Tezcatlipoca was merely biding his time. [need quotation to verify] Codex drawings pictured both Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl wearing an ehcaczcatl around the neck. Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent, precious serpent, precious twin) In Toltec mythology, wind god. I shall be seen no more: I shall no longer frighten my people. But Tezcatlipoca said he could conceal the defects on Quetzalcoatls face. ELEMENT Water Bird: Quetzal (Pharomachus mocinno) Creatures: Snakes, especially rattlesnakes; also now Quetzalcoatlus, the pterosaur named in his honor PLANET: Venus, the Morning Star SACRED SITES: His temple at Teotihuacn dates to the third century CE. Quetzelcoatl also appeared on (Season 3) of the Animal Planet mockumentary Lost Tapes in an episode entitled "Q the Serpent God". His sea voyage to the east should probably be connected with the invasion of Yucatn by the Itz, a tribe that showed strong Toltec features. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli was considered patron of this calendar (Ylotl Gonzlez-Torres,1991). He knew all thoughts and could see into the future. The temple of Quetzalcatl at Tenochtitln, the Aztec capital, was a round building, a shape that fitted the gods personality as Ehcatl. [40] However, a majority of Mesoamericanist scholars, such as Matthew Restall (2003, 2018[37]), James Lockhart (1994), Susan D. Gillespie (1989), Camilla Townsend (2003a, 2003b), Louise Burkhart, Michel Graulich and Michael E. Smith (2003), among others, consider the "Quetzalcoatl/Corts myth" as one of many myths about the Spanish conquest which have risen in the early post-conquest period. From her wound burst beautiful flowers that the bat took to the lord of the underworld, Mictlantecuhtli, who bathed them in the water of his subterranean rivers and perfumed the blossoms.Many other creation myths revolve around Quetzalcoatl, some including the creation of the maguey plant, and the discovery of corn (follow the link below). In Aztec culture, depictions of Quetzalcoatl were fully anthropomorphic. Copyright: imagesofanthropology.com(Click on image to enlarge), Pic 3: The legendary priest, Ce Acatl Topilltzin Quetzalcoatl in a blood-letting ceremony. When Spanish conquistador Hernn Corts arrived in the 16th century, the Aztecs believed that their hero had returned to them as he had promised, a belief that helped seal their doom. He vowed to return someday. These items have all been unearthed since 2003 when researchers first discovered the tunnel beneath the Pyramid of the Feathered/Plumed Serpent in Teotihuacan, Mexico. [25] Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). He never offered human victims, only snakes, birds, and butterflies. yourself as you are seen by others. And with that he handed him the mirror. Based on Mesoamerican folklore, Quetzalcoatl is the one who created the world and all of mankind, and was regarded as the god of wind and rain. Xochiquetzal is the inventor of artistic crafts. Quetzalcoatl was a bringer of knowledge, the inventor of books, and associated with the planet Venus. In his purely mythical form the god Quetzalcoatl was one of four brothers born in the 13th heaven. The hero (not the god) Quetzalcoatl either came as a stranger to the Aztecs from an unknown land or was born in Tula, where he reigned as priest-king. They decided to make a sun, one that would eat the hearts and drink the blood of victims, and there must be wars upon the earth, that these victims could be obtained for the sacrifice. Quetzalcoatl then built a great fire and took his son, born of his own flesh without any mother, and cast him into the flames, whence he rose into the sky as the sun which lights the world. Tlaloc then threw his son into the flames, creating the moon. Over the South presides the Blue Tezcatlipoca, Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. He lived a life of fasting and prayer. Representations of a feathered snake occur as early as the Teotihuacn civilization (3rd to 8th century ce) on the central plateau. He was then admitted into the presence of Quetzalcoatl. Codex Magliabechiano, fol. by Marcelosan. The work was left to Quetzalcoatl and Huitzilopochtli. Illustration. A Patron of ManyThe Aztecs inherited the Toltec belief that Quetzalcoatl had a plethora of skills. Then Tezcatlipoca took the strong pulque he had brewed and gave some to Quetzalcoatl, who became drunk. He discouraged human sacrifice, recommending flower offerings instead. Not waiting for their decision, Tezcatlipoca transformed himself into a sun. What does he call my own flesh? In the Codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Corts, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorial Nahuatl, a speech which, as described in the codex written by the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagn and his Tlatelolcan informants, included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as: You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you. ? n a foundation in events that took place immediately prior to the site admin known the... Lord of the rain offerings instead outside the Aztec pantheon, along with the planet,. 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